In recent years, Africa has witnessed a surge in military coups, with nine successful coups since 2020 and at least 10 coup attempts in West and Central Africa alone. Countries like Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Gabon, and Guinea have experienced successful military takeovers, raising concerns about the stability of democracy on the continent. In this interview, Abdul-Wasi Babatunde Moshood, a political scientist, sheds light on the drivers of these coups, their relevance to Nigeria, and how to prevent military interventions in the future.
What Drives Military Coups in Africa?
Corruption and Economic Inequality
One of the primary drivers of military coups in Africa is corruption and the widening gap between the rich and the poor. Many African leaders have used democracy as a tool to advance their economic gains, leaving citizens disillusioned.
“While liberal democracy widens opportunities in developed countries, the reverse is the case in Nigeria due to corruption and ineffective leadership,” Moshood explains.
For more on corruption in Africa, visit Transparency International.
Foreign Influence and Strategic Interests
Africa’s strategic importance has historically attracted foreign powers, leading to political instability. The partitioning of Africa in 1884 created spheres of influence that continue to haunt many countries today.
“Foreign influence and strategic importance make coups more likely to occur in African countries, including Nigeria,” Moshood states. For instance, Russia has been implicated in coups in Mali and Burkina Faso, while France seeks to maintain its influence in the region.
To learn more about foreign influence in Africa, visit the Council on Foreign Relations.
Colonial Legacy and Civil-Military Relations
Colonialism left a legacy of division between civilians and the military. In the post-colonial era, the military is often perceived as protecting the interests of the ruling elite, leading to public support for coups when the elite are seen as self-serving.
“Military coups in Sudan and Mali are examples of this dynamic,” Moshood notes.
Are These Factors Present in Nigeria?
Socioeconomic and Political Challenges
Nigeria faces many of the same challenges that have led to coups in other West African countries. These include:
- High levels of insecurity across the country.
- Economic instability caused by the removal of petrol subsidies and skyrocketing food prices.
- Bad leaders exploit ethnic and religious divisions.
“The sociopolitical and economic conditions that led to coups in other countries are present in Nigeria,” Moshood warns.
For updates on Nigeria’s economic situation, visit World Bank Nigeria.
Foreign Influence in Nigeria
Nigeria’s strong ties to Western powers, particularly France, have raised concerns. President Bola Tinubu’s recent deals with France in areas like renewable energy and agriculture have sparked suspicions, especially after other former French allies in West Africa have broken ties.
“Nigeria’s relationship with France is raising eyebrows,” Moshood observes.
For more on Nigeria’s foreign relations, visit Nigeria’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
How Can Nigeria Prevent Military Coups?
Effective Leadership and Inclusivity
Moshood emphasizes the need for effective leadership to reduce colonial legacies, improve democracy, and mitigate foreign influence. Policies promoting inclusivity and development can foster confidence among diverse ethnic communities.
Military Professionalism
Reducing the military’s involvement in politics and focusing on professionalism can help prevent coups. Engaging the military in non-combat roles, such as agriculture and healthcare, can also keep them occupied during peacetime.
For examples of military engagement in civilian roles, visit the U.S. Department of Defense.
Strengthening Democratic Institutions
Regional organizations like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union (AU) must proactively address democratic derailments rather than reacting after coups occur.
“Nigeria needs to develop a homegrown democracy as advocated by the late Claude Ake,” Moshood suggests.
For more on ECOWAS, visit ECOWAS Official Site.
Call to Action: Protect Democracy in Africa
To prevent military coups and strengthen democracy in Africa, here’s what you can do:
- Advocate for Transparency: Support initiatives that promote accountability and reduce corruption.
- Promote Inclusive Policies: Encourage leaders to implement policies that benefit all citizens, regardless of ethnicity or religion.
- Strengthen Institutions: Support efforts to build strong, independent democratic institutions.
To get involved, visit Amnesty International Africa.